Tuesday, October 14, 2008

e Bookz

Ruby Rails

1. Wrox.Professional.Ruby.on.Rails.Feb.2008

Monday, October 13, 2008

Unix & Linux Questions

Software testing - Questions and Answers - Linix / Unix



Q. How do you list files in a directory?

   A. ls  - list directory contents

   ls ï¿½l (-l  use a long listing format)

Q. How do you list all files in a directory, including the hidden files?

   A. ls -a  (-a, do not hide entries starting with .)



Q. How do you find out all processes that are currently running?

   A. ps -f (-f does full-format listing.)

Q. How do you find out the processes that are currently running or a particular user?

   A. ps -au Myname   (-u by effective user ID (supports names)) (a - all users)



Q. How do you kill a process?

   A. kill -9  8 (process_id 8) or kill -9  %7  (job number 7)

      kill -9 -1  (Kill all processes you can kill.)

      killall - kill processes by name most (useful - killall java)



Q. What would you use to view contents of the file?

   A. less filename

      cat filename

      pg filename

      pr filename

      more filename

      most useful is command: tail file_name - you can see the end of the log file.



Q. What would you use to edit contents of the file?

   A. vi  screen editor or jedit, nedit or ex  line editor



Q. What would you use to view contents of a large error log file?

   A. tail  -10 file_name   ( last 10 rows)



Q. How do you log in to a remote Unix box?

   A. Using telnet server_name or ssh -l ( ssh - OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program))

Q. How do you get help on a UNIX terminal?

   A. man command_name

      info command_name (more information)



Q. How do you list contents of a directory including all of its

  subdirectories, providing full details and sorted by modification time?

   A. ls -lac

      -a all entries

      -c by time



Q. How do you create a symbolic link to a file (give some reasons of doing so)?

   A. ln /../file1 Link_name

Links create pointers to the actual files, without duplicating the contents of

the files. That is, a link is a way of providing another name to the same file.

There are two types of links to a file:Hard link, Symbolic (or soft) link;

Q. What is a filesystem?

   A. Sum of all directories called file system.

      A file system is the primary means of file storage in UNIX.  

      File systems are made of inodes and superblocks.



Q. How do you get its usage (a filesystem)?

   A. By storing  and manipulate  files.

Q. How do you check the sizes of all usersï¿½ home directories (one command)?

   A. du -s

      df

The du command summarizes disk usage by directory. It recurses through all subdirectories and shows disk usage by each subdirectory with a final total at the end.

Q. in current directory
A. ls -ps (p- directory; s - size)

Q. How do you check for processes started by user 'pat'?
A. ps -fu pat (-f -full_format u -user_name )

Q. How do you start a job on background?
A. bg %4 (job 4)

Q. What utility would you use to replace a string '2001' for '2002' in a text file?
A. Grep, Kde( works on Linux and Unix)

Q. What utility would you use to cut off the first column in a text file?
A. awk, kde

Q. How to copy file into directory?
A. cp /tmp/file_name . (dot mean in the current directory)

Q. How to remove directory with files?
A. rm -rf directory_name

Q. What is the difference between internal and external commands?
A. Internal commands are stored in the; same level as the operating system while external commands are stored on the hard disk among the other utility programs.

Q. List the three main parts of an operating system command:
A. The three main parts are the command, options and arguments.

Q. What is the difference between an argument and an option (or switch)?
A. An argument is what the command should act on: it could be a filename,
directory or name. An option is specified when you want to request additional information over and above the basic information each command supplies.

Q. What is the purpose of online help?
A. Online help provides information on each operating system command, the
syntax, the options, the arguments with descriptive information.

Q. Name two forms of security.

A. Two forms of security are Passwords and File Security with permissions specified.

Q. What command do you type to find help about the command who?

A. $ man who

Q. What is the difference between home directory and working directory?

A. Home directory is the directory you begin at when you log into the

system. Working directory can be anywhere on the system and it is where you are currently working.

Q. Which directory is closer to the top of the file system tree, parent directory or current directory?

A. The parent directory is above the current directory, so it is closer to

the root or top of the file system.

Q. Given the following pathname:

$ /business/acctg/payable/supplier/april

a) If you were in the directory called acctg, what would be the relative

pathname name for the file called april?

b) What would be the absolute pathname for april?

a) $ payable/supplier/april

b) $ /business/acctg/payable/supplier/april

Q. Suppose your directory had the following files:

help. 1 help.2 help.3 help.4 help.O1 help.O2

aid.O1 aid.O2 aid.O3 back. 1 back.2 back.3

a) What is the command to list all files ending in 2?

b) What is the command to list all files starting in aid?

c) What is the command to list all "help" files with one character extension?

a) ls *2

b) ls aid.*

c) ls help.?

Q. What are two subtle differences in using the more and the pg commands?

A. With the more command you display another screenful by pressing

the spacebar, with pg you press the return key.

The more command returns you automatically to the UNIX

shell when completed, while pg waits until you press return.

Q. When is it better to use the more command rather than cat command?

A. It is sometimes better to use the more command when you are viewing

a file that will display over one screen.

Q. What are two functions the move mv command can carry out?

A. The mv command moves files and can also be used to rename a file or directory.

Q. Name two methods you could use to rename a file.

A. Two methods that could be used:

a. use the mv command

b. copy the file and give it a new name and then remove the original file if no longer needed.

The soccer league consists of boy and girl teams. The boy file names begin

with B, the girl teams begin with G. All of these files are in one directory

called "soccer", which is your current directory:

Bteam.abc Bteam.OOl Bteam.OO2 Bteam.OO4

Gteam.win Gteam.OOl Gteam.OO2 Gteam.OO3

Write the commands to do the following:

a) rename the file Bteam.abc to Bteam.OO3.

b) erase the file Gteam. win after you have viewed the contents of the file

c) make a directory for the boy team files called "boys", and one for the girl team files

called" girls"

d) move all the boy teams into the "boys" directory

e) move all the girl teams into the "girls" directory

f) make a new file called Gteam.OO4 that is identical to Gteam.OOl

g) make a new file called Gteam.OO5 that is identical to Bteam.OO2

  A.

a) mv Bteam.abc Bteam.OO3.

b) cat Gteam.win -or- more Gteam.win

rm Gteam. win

c) mkdir boys

mkdir girls

d) mv Bteam* boys

e) mv Gteam* girls

f) cd girls

cp Gteam.OO1 Gteam.OO4

g) There are several ways to do this. Remember that we are currently in the directory

/soccer/girls.

cp ../boys/Bteam.OO2 Gteam.OO5

or

cd ../boys

cp Bteam.OO2 ../girls/Gteam.OO5

Q. Draw a picture of the final directory structure for the "soccer"

directory, showing all the files and directories.



Q. What metacharacter is used to do the following:

1.1 Move up one level higher in the directory tree structure

1.2 Specify all the files ending in .txt

1.3 Specify one character

1.4 Redirect input from a file

1.5 Redirect the output and append it to a file

    A.

1. 1.1 double-dot or ..

1.2 asterisk or *

1.3 question or ?

1.4 double greater than sign: >>

1.5 the less than sign or <



Q. List all the files beginning with A

    A. To list all the files beginning with A command: ls A*



Q. Which of the quoting or escape characters allows the dollar sign ($) to retain its special meaning?

    A. The double quote (") allows the dollar sign ($) to retain its special meaning.

Both the backslash (\) and single quote (') would remove the special meaning of the dollar sign.



Q. What is a faster way to do the same command?

mv fileO.txt newdir

mv filel.txt newdir

mv file2.txt newdir

mv file3.txt newdir

    A. A shortcut method would be:   mv file?.txt newdir



Q. List two ways to create a new file:

    A.

a. Copy a file to make a new file.

b. Use the output operator e.g. ls -l > newfile.txt



Q. What is the difference between > and >> operators?

    A. The operator > either overwrites the existing file (WITHOUT WARNING) or creates a new file.

The operator >> either adds the new contents to the end of an existing file or creates a new file.



Write the command to do the following:

44.1 Redirect the output from the directory listing to a printer.

44.2 Add the file efg.txt to the end of the file abc.txt.

44.3 The file testdata feeds information into the file called program

44.4 Observe the contents of the file called xyz.txt using MORE.

44.5 Observe a directory listing that is four screens long.

     A.

44.1 ls > lpr

44.2 cat efg.txt >> abc.txt

44.3 program < testdata

44.4 more < xyz.txt

44.5 ls > dirsave | more

Q. How do you estimate file space usage

    A. Use du command (Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for

directories.) Good to use arguments du -hs

(-h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)   

(-s, --summarize display only a total for each argument)



Q. How can you see all mounted drives?

    A. mount -l



Q. How can you find a path to the file in the system?

    A. locate file_name (locate - list files in databases that match a pattern)



Q. What Linux  HotKeys do you know?

    A. Ctrl-Alt-F1  Exit to command prompt

       Ctrl-Alt-F7 or F8    Takes you back to KDE desktop from command prompt

       Crtl-Alt-Backspace     Restart XWindows

       Ctrl-Alt-D     Show desktop



Q. What can you tell about the tar Command?

    A. The tar program is an immensely useful archiving utility. It can combine

an entire directory tree into one large file suitable for transferring or

compression.



Q. What types of files you know?

     A. Files come in eight flavors:

Normal files

Directories

Hard links

Symbolic links

Sockets

Named pipes

Character devices

Block devices



Q. How to copy files from on PC to another on the same network

     A. Use the following command:scp yur_file you_login@your_IP

example: copy .conf file from your PC  to alex computer-

 scp /etc/X11/xorg.conf alex@10.0.10.169:



52.  Q. Please describe information below:



-rw-rw-r--    1 dotpc    dotpc         102 Jul 18  2003 file.buf

drwxr-xr-x    9 dotpc    dotpc        4096 Oct 21 09:34 bin

lrwxrwxrwx    1 dotpc    dotpc          20 Mar 21 15:00 client -> client-2.9.5

drwxrwxr-x   11 dotpc    dotpc        4096 Sep  2  2005 client-2.8.9

drwxrwxr-x    7 dotpc    dotpc        4096 Dec 14 12:13 data

drwxr-xr-x   12 dotpc    dotpc        4096 Oct 21 09:41 docs

drwxr-xr-x    5 dotpc    dotpc        4096 Dec  7 14:22 etc

drwxr-xr-x   11 dotpc    dotpc        4096 Mar 21 15:54 client-2.9.5

-rw-r--r--    1 dotpc    dotpc      644836 Mar 22 09:53 client-2.9.5.tar.gz

     A. This is a result of command $ls -l

we have two files, 6 directories and one link to client-2.9.5 directory.

There is number of files in every directory, size and data of last change.



Q. If you would like to run two commands in sequence what operators you can use?



     A. ; or && the difference is:

if you separate commands with ; second command will be run automatically.

if you separate commands with && second command will be run only in the case

 the first was run successfully.

Q. How you will uncompress the file?

      A. Use tar command (The GNU version of the tar archiving utility):

tar -zxvf file_name.tar.gz



Q.How do you execute a program or script, my_script in your current directoty?

    A. ./my_script

Q.How to find current time configuration in the file my_new.cfg

    A. grep time my_new.cfg

Grep  searches the named input files (or standard input if

no files are named, or the file name - is given) for lines

containing a match to the given pattern.



Q. What does grep() stand for?

A. General Regular Expression Parser.



Q. What does the top command display?

     A. Top provides an ongoing look at processor activity in real

       time.   It  displays  a  listing of the most CPU-intensive

       tasks on the system, and can provide an interactive interÂ

       face for manipulating processes. (q is to quit)



Q. How can you find configuration on linux?

    A. by using /sin/ifconfig

If no arguments are given, ifconfig displays the  status  of  the  cur-

rently  active interfaces.  If a single interface argument is given, it displays the status of the given interface only; if a single  -a  argu-

ment  is  given,  it  displays the status of all interfaces, even those

that are down.  Otherwise, it configures an interface.



Q. How to find difference in two configuration files on the same server?

     A. Use diff command that is compare files line by line

diff -u /usr/home/my_project1/etc/ABC.conf /usr/home/my_project2/etc/ABC.conf



Q. What is the best way to see the end of a logfile.log file?

     A. Use tail command - output the last part of files

tail -n file_name ( the last N lines, instead of the last 10 as default)



Q. Please write a loop for removing all files in the current directory that contains a word 'log'

     A. for i in *log*; do rm $i; done



Q. Question: How to switch to a previously used directory?

     A   cd -













Akhila J.S

Unix & Linux Questions

Software testing - Q and A - Linux / Unix

Q. How do you list files in a directory?

   A. ls  - list directory contents

   ls ï¿½l (-l  use a long listing format)

Q. How do you list all files in a directory, including the hidden files?

   A. ls -a  (-a, do not hide entries starting with .)

Q. How do you find out all processes that are currently running?

   A. ps -f (-f does full-format listing.)

Q. How do you find out the processes that are currently running or a particular user?

   A. ps -au Myname   (-u by effective user ID (supports names)) (a - all users)

Q. How do you kill a process?

   A. kill -9  8 (process_id 8) or kill -9  %7  (job number 7)

      kill -9 -1  (Kill all processes you can kill.)

      killall - kill processes by name most (useful - killall java)

Q. What would you use to view contents of the file?

   A. less filename

      cat filename

      pg filename

      pr filename

      more filename

      most useful is command: tail file_name - you can see the end of the log file.

Q. What would you use to edit contents of the file?

   A. vi  screen editor or jedit, nedit or ex  line editor

Q. What would you use to view contents of a large error log file?

   A. tail  -10 file_name   ( last 10 rows)

Q. How do you log in to a remote Unix box?

   A. Using telnet server_name or ssh -l ( ssh - OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program))

Q. How do you get help on a UNIX terminal?

   A. man command_name

      info command_name (more information)

Q. How do you list contents of a directory including all of its

  subdirectories, providing full details and sorted by modification time?

   A. ls -lac

      -a all entries

      -c by time

Q. How do you create a symbolic link to a file (give some reasons of doing so)?

   A. ln /../file1 Link_name

Links create pointers to the actual files, without duplicating the contents of

the files. That is, a link is a way of providing another name to the same file.

There are two types of links to a file:Hard link, Symbolic (or soft) link;

Q. What is a filesystem?

   A. Sum of all directories called file system.

      A file system is the primary means of file storage in UNIX.  

      File systems are made of inodes and superblocks.

Q. How do you get its usage (a filesystem)?

   A. By storing  and manipulate  files.

Q. How do you check the sizes of all usersï¿½ home directories (one command)?

   A. du -s

      df

Q. How do you start a job on background?
A. bg %4 (job 4)

Q. What utility would you use to replace a string '2001' for '2002' in a text file?
A. Grep, Kde( works on Linux and Unix)

Q. What utility would you use to cut off the first column in a text file?
A. awk, kde
Q. How to copy file into directory?
A. cp /tmp/file_name . (dot mean in the current directory)

Q. How to remove directory with files?
A. rm -rf directory_name

Q. What is the difference between internal and external commands?
A. Internal commands are stored in the; same level as the operating system while external commands are stored on the hard disk among the other utility programs.

Q. List the three main parts of an operating system command:
A. The three main parts are the command, options and arguments.

Q. What is the difference between an argument and an option (or switch)?
A. An argument is what the command should act on: it could be a filename,
directory or name. An option is specified when you want to request additional information over and above the basic information each command supplies.

Q. What is the purpose of online help?
A. Online help provides information on each operating system command, the
syntax, the options, the arguments with descriptive information.

Q. Name two forms of security.

A. Two forms of security are Passwords and File Security with permissions specified.

Q. What command do you type to find help about the command who?

A. $ man who

Q. What is the difference between home directory and working directory?

A. Home directory is the directory you begin at when you log into the

system. Working directory can be anywhere on the system and it is where you are currently working.

Q. Which directory is closer to the top of the file system tree, parent directory or current directory?

A. The parent directory is above the current directory, so it is closer to

the root or top of the file system.

Q. Given the following pathname:

$ /business/acctg/payable/supplier/april

a) If you were in the directory called acctg, what would be the relative

pathname name for the file called april?

b) What would be the absolute pathname for april?

a) $ payable/supplier/april

b) $ /business/acctg/payable/supplier/april

Q. Suppose your directory had the following files:

help. 1 help.2 help.3 help.4 help.O1 help.O2

aid.O1 aid.O2 aid.O3 back. 1 back.2 back.3

a) What is the command to list all files ending in 2?

b) What is the command to list all files starting in aid?

c) What is the command to list all "help" files with one character extension?

a) ls *2

b) ls aid.*

c) ls help.?

Q. What are two subtle differences in using the more and the pg commands?

A. With the more command you display another screenful by pressing

the spacebar, with pg you press the return key.

The more command returns you automatically to the UNIX

shell when completed, while pg waits until you press return.

Q. When is it better to use the more command rather than cat command?

A. It is sometimes better to use the more command when you are viewing

a file that will display over one screen.

Q. What are two functions the move mv command can carry out?

A. The mv command moves files and can also be used to rename a file or directory.

Q. Name two methods you could use to rename a file.

A. Two methods that could be used:

a. use the mv command

b. copy the file and give it a new name and then remove the original file if no longer needed.

The soccer league consists of boy and girl teams. The boy file names begin

with B, the girl teams begin with G. All of these files are in one directory

called "soccer", which is your current directory:

Bteam.abc Bteam.OOl Bteam.OO2 Bteam.OO4

Gteam.win Gteam.OOl Gteam.OO2 Gteam.OO3

Write the commands to do the following:

a) rename the file Bteam.abc to Bteam.OO3.

b) erase the file Gteam. win after you have viewed the contents of the file

c) make a directory for the boy team files called "boys", and one for the girl team files

called" girls"

d) move all the boy teams into the "boys" directory

e) move all the girl teams into the "girls" directory

f) make a new file called Gteam.OO4 that is identical to Gteam.OOl

g) make a new file called Gteam.OO5 that is identical to Bteam.OO2

  A.

a) mv Bteam.abc Bteam.OO3.

b) cat Gteam.win -or- more Gteam.win

rm Gteam. win

c) mkdir boys

mkdir girls

d) mv Bteam* boys

e) mv Gteam* girls

f) cd girls

cp Gteam.OO1 Gteam.OO4

g) There are several ways to do this. Remember that we are currently in the directory

/soccer/girls.

cp ../boys/Bteam.OO2 Gteam.OO5

or

cd ../boys

cp Bteam.OO2 ../girls/Gteam.OO5

Q. Draw a picture of the final directory structure for the "soccer"

directory, showing all the files and directories.

Q. What metacharacter is used to do the following:

1.1 Move up one level higher in the directory tree structure

1.2 Specify all the files ending in .txt

1.3 Specify one character

1.4 Redirect input from a file

1.5 Redirect the output and append it to a file

    A.

1. 1.1 double-dot or ..

1.2 asterisk or *

1.3 question or ?

1.4 double greater than sign: >>

1.5 the less than sign or < Q. List all the files beginning with A

    A. To list all the files beginning with A command: ls A*

Q. Which of the quoting or escape characters allows the dollar sign ($) to retain its special meaning?

    A. The double quote (") allows the dollar sign ($) to retain its special meaning.

Both the backslash (\) and single quote (') would remove the special meaning of the dollar sign.

Q. What is a faster way to do the same command?

mv fileO.txt newdir

mv filel.txt newdir

mv file2.txt newdir

mv file3.txt newdir

    A. A shortcut method would be:   mv file?.txt newdir

Q. List two ways to create a new file:

    A.

a. Copy a file to make a new file.

b. Use the output operator e.g. ls -l > newfile.txt

Q. What is the difference between > and >> operators?

    A. The operator > either overwrites the existing file (WITHOUT WARNING) or creates a new file.

The operator >> either adds the new contents to the end of an existing file or creates a new file.

Write the command to do the following:

44.1 Redirect the output from the directory listing to a printer.

44.2 Add the file efg.txt to the end of the file abc.txt.

44.3 The file testdata feeds information into the file called program

44.4 Observe the contents of the file called xyz.txt using MORE.

44.5 Observe a directory listing that is four screens long.

     A.

44.1 ls > lpr

44.2 cat efg.txt >> abc.txt

44.3 program <> dirsave | more

Q. How do you estimate file space usage

    A. Use du command (Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for

directories.) Good to use arguments du -hs

(-h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)   

(-s, --summarize display only a total for each argument)

Q. How can you see all mounted drives?

    A. mount -l

Q. How can you find a path to the file in the system?

    A. locate file_name (locate - list files in databases that match a pattern)

Q. What Linux  HotKeys do you know?

    A. Ctrl-Alt-F1  Exit to command prompt

       Ctrl-Alt-F7 or F8    Takes you back to KDE desktop from command prompt

       Crtl-Alt-Backspace     Restart XWindows

       Ctrl-Alt-D     Show desktop

Q. What can you tell about the tar Command?

    A. The tar program is an immensely useful archiving utility. It can combine

an entire directory tree into one large file suitable for transferring or

compression.

Q. What types of files you know?

     A. Files come in eight flavors:

Normal files

Directories

Hard links

Symbolic links

Sockets

Named pipes

Character devices

Block devices

Q. How to copy files from on PC to another on the same network

     A. Use the following command:scp yur_file you_login@your_IP

example: copy .conf file from your PC  to alex computer-

 scp /etc/X11/xorg.conf alex@10.0.10.169:

Q. Please describe information below:

-rw-rw-r--    1 dotpc    dotpc         102 Jul 18  2003 file.buf

drwxr-xr-x    9 dotpc    dotpc        4096 Oct 21 09:34 bin

lrwxrwxrwx    1 dotpc    dotpc          20 Mar 21 15:00 client -> client-2.9.5

drwxrwxr-x   11 dotpc    dotpc        4096 Sep  2  2005 client-2.8.9

drwxrwxr-x    7 dotpc    dotpc        4096 Dec 14 12:13 data

drwxr-xr-x   12 dotpc    dotpc        4096 Oct 21 09:41 docs

drwxr-xr-x    5 dotpc    dotpc        4096 Dec  7 14:22 etc

drwxr-xr-x   11 dotpc    dotpc        4096 Mar 21 15:54 client-2.9.5

-rw-r--r--    1 dotpc    dotpc      644836 Mar 22 09:53 client-2.9.5.tar.gz

     A. This is a result of command $ls -l

we have two files, 6 directories and one link to client-2.9.5 directory.

There is number of files in every directory, size and data of last change.

Q. If you would like to run two commands in sequence what operators you can use?

     A. ; or && the difference is:

if you separate commands with ; second command will be run automatically.

if you separate commands with && second command will be run only in the case

 the first was run successfully.

Q. How you will uncompress the file?

      A. Use tar command (The GNU version of the tar archiving utility):

tar -zxvf file_name.tar.gz

Q.How do you execute a program or script, my_script in your current directoty?

    A. ./my_script

Q.How to find current time configuration in the file my_new.cfg

    A. grep time my_new.cfg

Grep  searches the named input files (or standard input if

no files are named, or the file name - is given) for lines

containing a match to the given pattern.

Q. What does grep() stand for?

A. General Regular Expression Parser.

Q. What does the top command display?

     A. Top provides an ongoing look at processor activity in real

       time.   It  displays  a  listing of the most CPU-intensive

       tasks on the system, and can provide an interactive interÂ

       face for manipulating processes. (q is to quit)

Q. How can you find configuration on linux?

    A. by using /sin/ifconfig

If no arguments are given, ifconfig displays the  status  of  the  cur-

rently  active interfaces.  If a single interface argument is given, it displays the status of the given interface only; if a single  -a  argu-

ment  is  given,  it  displays the status of all interfaces, even those

that are down.  Otherwise, it configures an interface.

Q. How to find difference in two configuration files on the same server?

     A. Use diff command that is compare files line by line

diff -u /usr/home/my_project1/etc/ABC.conf /usr/home/my_project2/etc/ABC.conf

Q. What is the best way to see the end of a logfile.log file?

     A. Use tail command - output the last part of files

tail -n file_name ( the last N lines, instead of the last 10 as default)

Q. Please write a loop for removing all files in the current directory that contains a word 'log'

     A. for i in *log*; do rm $i; done

Q. Question: How to switch to a previously used directory?

     A   cd -





Courtesy  : Akhila J.S , MCA, SNIT, Kollam

Sunday, October 12, 2008

Confidence

10 Ways to Instantly Build Self Confidence

Self confidence is the difference between feeling unstoppable and feeling scared out of your wits. Your perception of yourself has an enormous impact on how others perceive you. Perception is reality — the more self confidence you have, the more likely it is you’ll succeed.

Although many of the factors affecting self confidence are beyond your control, there are a number of things you can consciously do to build self confidence. By using these 10 strategies you can get the mental edge you need to reach your potential.

Build Self Confidence

1. Dress Sharp

Although clothes don’t make the man, they certainly affect the way he feels about himself. No one is more conscious of your physical appearance than you are. When you don’t look good, it changes the way you carry yourself and interact with other people. Use this to your advantage by taking care of your personal appearance. In most cases, significant improvements can be made by bathing and shaving frequently, wearing clean clothes, and being cognizant of the latest styles.

This doesn’t mean you need to spend a lot on clothes. One great rule to follow is “spend twice as much, buy half as much”. Rather than buying a bunch of cheap clothes, buy half as many select, high quality items. In long run this decreases spending because expensive clothes wear out less easily and stay in style longer than cheap clothes. Buying less also helps reduce the clutter in your closet.

2. Walk Faster

One of the easiest ways to tell how a person feels about herself is to examine her walk. Is it slow? tired? painful? Or is it energetic and purposeful? People with confidence walk quickly. They have places to go, people to see, and important work to do. Even if you aren’t in a hurry, you can increase your self confidence by putting some pep in your step. Walking 25% faster will make to you look and feel more important.

3. Good Posture

Similarly, the way a person carries herself tells a story. People with slumped shoulders and lethargic movements display a lack of self confidence. They aren’t enthusiastic about what they’re doing and they don’t consider themselves important. By practicing good posture, you’ll automatically feel more confident. Stand up straight, keep your head up, and make eye contact. You’ll make a positive impression on others and instantly feel more alert and empowered.

4. Personal Commercial

One of the best ways to build confidence is listening to a motivational speech. Unfortunately, opportunities to listen to a great speaker are few and far between. You can fill this need by creating a personal commercial. Write a 30-60 second speech that highlights your strengths and goals. Then recite it in front of the mirror aloud (or inside your head if you prefer) whenever you need a confidence boost.

5. Gratitude

When you focus too much on what you want, the mind creates reasons why you can’t have it. This leads you to dwell on your weaknesses. The best way to avoid this is consciously focusing on gratitude. Set aside time each day to mentally list everything you have to be grateful for. Recall your past successes, unique skills, loving relationships, and positive momentum. You’ll be amazed how much you have going for you and motivated to take that next step towards success.

6. Compliment other people

When we think negatively about ourselves, we often project that feeling on to others in the form of insults and gossip. To break this cycle of negativity, get in the habit of praising other people. Refuse to engage in backstabbing gossip and make an effort to compliment those around you. In the process, you’ll become well liked and build self confidence. By looking for the best in others, you indirectly bring out the best in yourself.

7. Sit in the front row

In schools, offices, and public assemblies around the world, people constantly strive to sit at the back of the room. Most people prefer the back because they’re afraid of being noticed. This reflects a lack of self confidence. By deciding to sit in the front row, you can get over this irrational fear and build your self confidence. You’ll also be more visible to the important people talking from the front of the room.

8. Speak up

During group discussions many people never speak up because they’re afraid that people will judge them for saying something stupid. This fear isn’t really justified. Generally, people are much more accepting than we imagine. In fact most people are dealing with the exact same fears. By making an effort to speak up at least once in every group discussion, you’ll become a better public speaker, more confident in your own thoughts, and recognized as a leader by your peers.

9. Work out

Along the same lines as personal appearance, physical fitness has a huge effect on self confidence. If you’re out of shape, you’ll feel insecure, unattractive, and less energetic. By working out, you improve your physcial appearance, energize yourself, and accomplish something positive. Having the discipline to work out not only makes you feel better, it creates positive momentum that you can build on the rest of the day.

10. Focus on contribution

Too often we get caught up in our own desires. We focus too much on ourselves and not enough on the needs of other people. If you stop thinking about yourself and concentrate on the contribution you’re making to the rest of the world, you won’t worry as much about you own flaws. This will increase self confidence and allow you to contribute with maximum efficiency. The more you contribute to the world the more you’ll be rewarded with personal success and recognition.

Courtesy : Arun S Dharan, SA, Intl Airport, TVM

The Storage of Information

Tuesday, October 14, 2008

e Bookz

Monday, October 13, 2008

Unix & Linux Questions

Unix & Linux Questions

Sunday, October 12, 2008

Confidence

10 Ways to Instantly Build Self Confidence

Build Self Confidence

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