What is an abstract class ?
Ans. Abstract class must be extended/subclassed (to be useful). It serves as a template. A class that is abstract may not be instantiated (ie, you may not call its constructor), abstract class may contain static data. Any class with an abstract method is automatically abstract itself, and must be declared as such.
A class may be declared abstract even if it has no abstract methods. This prevents it from being instantiated.
What is final ?
Ans. A final class can't be extended ie., final class may not be subclassed. A final method can't be overridden when its class is inherited. You can't change value of a final variable (is a constant).
State the significance of public, private, protected, default modifiers both singly and in combination and state the effect of package relationships on declared items qualified by these modifiers ?
public : Public class is visible in other packages, field is visible everywhere (class must be public too)
private : Private variables or methods may be used only by an instance of the same class that declares the variable or method, A private feature may only be accessed by the class that owns the feature.
protected : Is available to all classes in the same package and also available to all subclasses of the class that owns the protected feature.This access is provided even to subclasses that reside in a different package from the class that owns the protected feature.
default :What you get by default ie, without any access modifier (ie, public private or protected).It means that it is visible to all within a particular package.
Difference between Swing and Awt?
Ans. AWT are heavy-weight components. Swings are light-weight components. Hence swing works faster than AWT
Explain different way of using thread ?
Ans. The thread could be implemented by using runnable interface or by inheriting from the Thread class. The former is more advantageous, 'cause when you are going for multiple inheritance..the only interface can help.
What is the difference between an Interface and an Abstract class ?
Ans. An abstract class can have instance methods that implement a default behavior. An Interface can only declare constants and instance methods, but cannot implement default behavior and all methods are implicitly abstract. An interface has all public members and no implementation. An abstract class is a class which may have the usual flavors of class members (private, protected, etc.), but has some abstract methods.
What is the difference between set and list?
Ans. A Set stores elements in an unordered way and does not contain duplicate elements, whereas a list stores elements in an ordered way but may contain duplicate elements.
Difference between Vector and ArrayList? What is the Vector class?
Ans. Vector is synchronized whereas ArrayList is not. The Vector class provides the capability to implement a growable array of objects. ArrayList and Vector class both implement the List interface. Both classes are implemented using dynamically resizable arrays, providing fast random access and fast traversal. In vector the data is retrieved using the elementAt() method while in ArrayList, it is done using the get() method. ArrayList has no default size while vector has a default size of 10. when you want programs to run in multithreading environment then use concept of vector because it is synchronized. But ArrayList is not synchronized so, avoid use of it in a multithreading environment.
What is an Iterator interface? Is Iterator a Class or Interface? What is its use?
Ans. The Iterator is an interface, used to traverse through the elements of a Collection. It is not advisable to modify the collection itself while traversing an Iterator.
What is the Collections API?
Ans. The Collections API is a set of classes and interfaces that support operations on collections of objects.
Example of classes: HashSet, HashMap, ArrayList, LinkedList, TreeSet and TreeMap.
Example of interfaces: Collection, Set, List and Map.
What is the List interface?
Ans. The List interface provides support for ordered collections of objects.
How can we access elements of a collection?
Ans. We can access the elements of a collection using the following ways:
1.Every collection object has get(index) method to get the element of the object. This method will return Object.
2.Collection provide Enumeration or Iterator object so that we can get the objects of a collection one by one.
What is the Set interface?
Ans. The Set interface provides methods for accessing the elements of a finite mathematical set. Sets do not allow duplicate elements.
What's the difference between a queue and a stack?
Ans. Stack is a data structure that is based on last-in-first-out rule (LIFO), while queues are based on First-in-first-out (FIFO) rule.
What is the Map interface?
The Map interface is used associate keys with values.
What is the Properties class?
Ans. The properties class is a subclass of Hashtable that can be read from or written to a stream. It also provides the capability to specify a set of default values to be used.
Which implementation of the List interface provides for the fastest insertion of a new element into the middle of the list?
a. Vector
b. ArrayList
c. LinkedList
d. None of the above
ArrayList and Vector both use an array to store the elements of the list. When an element is inserted into the middle of the list the elements that follow the insertion point must be shifted to make room for the new element. The LinkedList is implemented using a doubly linked list; an insertion requires only the updating of the links at the point of insertion. Therefore, the LinkedList allows for fast insertions and deletions.
How can we use hashset in collection interface?
Ans. This class implements the set interface, backed by a hash table (actually a HashMap instance). It makes no guarantees as to the iteration order of the set; in particular, it does not guarantee that the order will remain constant over time. This class permits the Null element.
This class offers constant time performance for the basic operations (add, remove, contains and size), assuming the hash function disperses the elements properly among the buckets.
Primitive data types are passed by reference or pass by value?
Ans. Primitive data types are passed by value.
How to create custom exceptions?
Ans. Your class should extend class Exception, or some more specific type thereof.
What is the List interface?
Ans. The List interface provides support for ordered collections of objects.
What is the typical use of Hashtable?
Ans. Whenever a program wants to store a key value pair, one can use Hashtable.
I am trying to store an object using a key in a Hashtable. And some other object already exists in that location, then what will happen? The existing object will be overwritten? Or the new object will be stored elsewhere?
Ans. The existing object will be overwritten and thus it will be lost.
Can a vector contain heterogenous objects?
Ans. Yes a Vector can contain heterogenous objects. Because a Vector stores everything in terms of Object.
Can a ArrayList contain heterogenous objects?
Ans. Yes a ArrayList can contain heterogenous objects. Because a ArrayList stores everything in terms of Object.
Can a vector contain heterogenous objects?
Ans. Yes a Vector can contain heterogenous objects. Because a Vector stores everything in terms of Object.
Considering the basic properties of Vector and ArrayList, where will you use Vector and where will you use Array List ?
Ans. The basic difference between a Vector and an ArrayList is that, vector is synchronized while ArrayList is not. Thus whenever there is a possibility of multiple threads accessing the same instance, one should use Vector. While if not multiple threads are going to access the same instance then use ArrayList. Non synchronized data structure will give better performance than the synchronized one.
What is an enumeration?
Ans. An enumeration is an interface containing methods for accessing the underlying data structure from which the enumeration is obtained. It is a construct which collection classes return when you request a collection of all the objects stored in the collection. It allows sequential access to all the elements stored in the collection.
What is the difference between the size and capacity of a Vector?
Ans. The size is the number of elements actually stored in the vector, while capacity is the maximum number of elements it can store at a given instance of time.
How does a try statement determine which catch clause should be used to handle an exception ?
Ans. When an exception is thrown within the body of a try statement, the catch clauses of the try statement are examined in the order in which they appear. The first catch clause that is capable of handling the exceptionis executed. The remaining catch clauses are ignored.
What are the steps in the JDBC connection?
Ans. While making a JDBC connection we go through the following steps :
Step 1 : Register the database driver by using :
Class.forName(\” driver classs for that specific database\” );
Step 2 : Now create a database connection using :
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url,username,password);
Step 3: Now Create a query using :
Statement stmt = Connection.Statement(\”select * from TABLE NAME\”);
Step 4 : Exceute the query :
stmt.exceuteUpdate();
Can applets communicate with each other?
Ans. At this point in time applets may communicate with other applets running in the same virtual machine. If the applets are of the same class, they can communicate via shared static variables. If the applets are of different classes, then each will need a reference to the same class with static variables. In any case the basic idea is to pass the information back and forth through a static variable.
An applet can also get references to all other applets on the same page using the getApplets() method of java.applet.AppletContext. Once you\’ve got a reference to an applet, you can communicate with it by using its public members.
It is conceivable to have applets in different virtual machines that talk to a server somewhere on the Internet and store any data that needs to be serialized there. Then, when another applet needs this data, it could connect to this same server. Implementing this is non-trivial.
If I write System.exit (0); at the end of the try block, will the finally block still execute ?
Ans. No in this case the finally block will not execute because when you say System.exit (0); the control immediately goes out of the program, and thus finally never executes.
What is the basic difference between the 2 approaches to exception handling…1> try catch block and 2> specifying the candidate exceptions in the throws clause? When should you use which approach?
Ans. In the first approach as a programmer of the method, you urself are dealing with the exception. This is fine if you are in a best position to decide should be done in case of an exception. Whereas if it is not the responsibility of the method to deal with it’s own exceptions, then do not use this approach. In this case use the second approach. In the second approach we are forcing the caller of the method to catch the exceptions, that the method is likely to throw. This is often the approach library creators use. They list the exception in the throws clause and we must catch them. You will find the same approach throughout the java libraries we use.
What happens to an unhandled exception?
Ans. One can not do anytihng in this scenarios. Because Java does not allow multiple inheritance and does not provide any exception interface as well.
If my class already extends from some other class what should I do if I want an instance of my class to be thrown as an exception object ?
Ans. One can not do anytihng in this scenarion. Because Java does not allow multiple inheritance and does not provide any exception interface as well.
If I want an object of my class to be thrown as an exception object, what should I do ?
Ans. The class should extend from Exception class. Or you can extend your class from some more precise exception type also
Why do we need wrapper classes?
Ans. It is sometimes easier to deal with primitives as objects. Moreover most of the collection classes store objects and not primitive data types. And also the wrapper classes provide many utility methods also. Because of these resons we need wrapper classes. And since we create instances of these classes we can store them in any of the collection classes and pass them around as a collection. Also we can pass them around as method parameters where a method expects an object.
What happens to the static fields of a class during serialization? Are these fields serialized as a part of each serialized object?
Ans. Yes the static fields do get serialized. If the static field is an object then it must have implemented Serializable interface. The static fields are serialized as a part of every object. But the commonness of the static fields across all the instances is maintained even after serialization.
Objects are passed by value or by reference?
Ans. Java only supports pass by value. With objects, the object reference itself is passed by value and so both the original reference and parameter copy both refer to the same object.
will update more questions on free time
Courtesy : Viji & Shibu, Tvpm
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